China Grapples with Rising Respiratory Infections, Hospitals Overwhelmed

China is currently facing a surge in respiratory illnesses, particularly human metapneumovirus (HMPV), as the winter season sets in. This outbreak follows five years after the initial onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Hospitals and crematories across the country are reportedly struggling to manage the growing number of cases. Social media reports and videos highlight overcrowded healthcare facilities, with some users claiming that multiple viruses, including HMPV, influenza A, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and even Covid-19, are circulating at the same time.

The situation has raised concerns about the capacity of healthcare facilities, especially children's hospitals. These institutions are reportedly overwhelmed by a sharp rise in pneumonia cases, some of which are labeled as "white lung," a term used to describe severe pneumonia symptoms. Despite widespread speculation, there has been no official confirmation from the Chinese government or the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the declaration of a state of emergency.

In response to the increasing number of cases, China’s disease control authorities are taking proactive steps. The National Disease Control and Prevention Administration (NCDPA) has introduced a new pilot monitoring system for pneumonia of unknown origin. This initiative aims to improve the tracking and response to respiratory infections, particularly during the winter months. This marks a significant shift in preparedness, compared to five years ago when China struggled to manage the Covid-19 outbreak due to inadequate monitoring systems for new pathogens.

According to the NCDPA, respiratory infections rose sharply during the week of December 16 to 22. Under the new protocols, laboratories are now required to report infections, while disease control agencies verify and manage these cases, ensuring a more coordinated and efficient response. Kan Biao, an official from the NCDPA, stated that while respiratory infections are expected to increase over the winter and spring, the overall number of cases in 2025 is projected to be lower than the total for 2024.

The ongoing outbreak is particularly concerning for vulnerable populations, including young children and the elderly. Children, with their developing immune systems, are especially at risk for severe symptoms. Likewise, older adults with pre-existing conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more susceptible to complications from the virus.

The symptoms of HMPV and other respiratory viruses, such as fever, cough, runny nose, and wheezing, are similar to those of the common cold or flu. In more severe cases, HMPV can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia, especially in young children. The virus is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets and close physical contact, which makes crowded environments a significant risk factor.

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) typically causes mild to moderate flu-like symptoms and is most common during the winter and early spring. While it usually leads to upper respiratory infections, it can sometimes progress to more severe conditions, particularly in vulnerable groups. HMPV is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. Unlike Covid-19, no vaccine or antiviral treatments are available for HMPV. Most cases are mild and can be managed with rest and hydration at home, but severe cases may require hospitalization, oxygen therapy, or corticosteroid treatments to alleviate symptoms.​